• NaibofTabr@infosec.pub
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    20 days ago

    Every study performed on insect counts has concluded that overall insect populations are declining, though there is not complete global coverage of data. One study in Germany found that the flying insect population had decreased by 75% from 1990 to 2015.

    A 2019 survey of 24 entomologists working on six continents found that on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the worst, all the scientists rated the severity of the insect decline crisis as being between 8–10.

    Nothing scares me quite as much as the thought that I might live to see global ecological collapse.

    • object [Object]@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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      20 days ago

      If you think about it, when was the last time you saw a lighting bug. I’ve never seen a firefly in my entire life despite living in a country that had native species.

      • WeirdGoesPro@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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        20 days ago

        As a kid, I would see hundreds of them around bushes and trees. Now I see one or two per summer.

        But that’s all gods plan, right?

      • actually@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        When I was growing up in the 1970s there were thousands of lightning bugs at night. Any time going outdoors after sunset I could see hundreds of lights winking on and off every few seconds, in fascinating patterns that I loved to look at. Later at night the bugs would fly higher or stop flashing

        It was such an ordinary part of life, but movies and tv at the time don’t capture that very well .

        Now its gone, for most areas

        • Teppichbrand@feddit.org
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          20 days ago

          Saw a documentary about a Chinese billionaire on TV a couple of years ago. He was born poor in some village and worked his way up, owning dozens of factories now. He was super busy, grumpy to the people around him and very torn. He asked the camera if he is part of the solution or part of the problem, he couldn’t tell. Told us he misses the sounds of frogs in the evening, when he was playing with his friend in the forests and fields that are now industrial parks. Made me cry, what are we doing?

      • Bo7a@lemmy.ca
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        20 days ago

        Thankfully they are alive and doing quite well in our little forest home in Quebec, Canada. Of all the places I used to see them as a kid almost none are still vibrant and busy, but our little corner of forest here has a good population. For now…

      • zod000@lemmy.ml
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        20 days ago

        I have seen them twice in the last year, but it was only a single bug each time. A sad lightning bug trying to find others to mate… I didn’t see another one around it.

      • sylver_dragon@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        You have to get out away from cities. We get them in our yard every summer and our kids run about catching them.

      • saigot@lemmy.ca
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        15 days ago

        I didn’t see any until I made my front yard a designated butterfly spot ( making i don’t have to follow by laws about lawn maintenance) now I see tons.

    • shalafi@lemmy.world
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      20 days ago

      THAT is my fear. I’m watching the ecosystem collapse on my front porch. I could go on for a long, long time with my observations, both historic and recent, but the food chain is collapsing where I’m at. Wildlife populations are noticeably crashing from what I observed 4-years ago.

      SOURCE: I’m old and outside a lot. Always looking around, seeing what’s changing.

    • Omega_Jimes@lemmy.ca
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      20 days ago

      My younger friend asked why some old cars had a piece of plexiglass on the front of the hood.

      I had to explain that thirty years ago, in this area, you would drive through enough bugs in a day to cover your windscreen. The bug shield would help deflect them. It was a pretty grim lunch after that.

    • Appoxo@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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      20 days ago

      I remember a road trip to Poland to my grandparents place. The trip took around 10h by car over the german and polish highway.
      On the first trip the car windshield was plastered in little dead flying insects.
      The las time we went there (about 10 years ago) there was not even close to the amount on the windshield.

    • DNOS@lemmy.ml
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      20 days ago

      Hell no I Wana see that … People finally taking serious actions against it when its way too late … There’s nothing better then seeing rich people trying to buy stuff that can’t be bought… And finally dying full of regrets knowing it was their and theyr families fault.

      • Feathercrown@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        Everyone else would die too. Not worth it, there are better ways to eliminate the parasite class that are more effective and less self-harmful.

        • DNOS@lemmy.ml
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          20 days ago

          Doesn’t seem anything is even starting… This is… let’s call it the back up plan and it going so great it might end up being the plan A

          • el_abuelo@programming.dev
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            19 days ago

            Societal collapse will happen before human extinction. One way or another everything is going to sort itself out.

            However I would prefer that we sort it out and use our might to reverse the damage already done. Otherwise a lot of people (rich and poor) are going to die (and are already dying)

  • Transient Punk@sh.itjust.works
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    20 days ago

    There is a possibility that the Higgs field isn’t at it’s lowest energy state, and that a random quantum tunneling event could drag the Higgs field to that lower state. In this unsettling scenario, a bubble pops into existence somewhere in the universe. Inside the bubble, the laws of physics are wildly different than they are outside the bubble. The bubble expands at the speed of light, eventually taking over the entire universe. Galaxies drift apart, atoms can’t hold themselves together, and the ways that particles interact are fundamentally changed. Whatever form the universe takes after this event certainly wouldn’t be hospitable for humans.

    • Frozengyro@lemmy.world
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      20 days ago

      As old and massive as the universe is, if it could have happened, it likely would have already.

      • reinei@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        And that’s the thing:

        Assuming it did, you couldn’t see it approach until it hit you because it’s moving at the speed of light! It could also have happened, but just super far away such that it will never reach us due to expansion between its origin point and us being faster than c!

        Also just because the universe is frickin old doesn’t mean it is statistically bound to have happened. There are plenty of ways of making it even more astronomically unlikely but still possible…

      • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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        20 days ago

        Basically, as big and old as the universe is, it’s easy to pick an even bigger number for the expected recurrence of a vacuum decay. So, it’s still possible.

    • selokichtli@lemmy.ml
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      20 days ago

      Sounds like a great way to reboot the DC or Marvel universe. How probable is this bubble bursts and affects us before we fuck up our environment for good? Would we be able to know if it already happened somewhere far from us? Like, “we have 5 years, that’s all we’ve got”.

      • Feathercrown@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        Since the bubble travels at the speed of light, no, there’s no way to know. It could be an hour away from us right now and we wouldn’t even see it hit us, we’d just evaporate from existence nearly instantaneously.

      • AA5B@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        It’s that effing Peter Parker again. No matter how good the wizard, you can’t keep interrupting while he is trying to change memories across the entire multiverse

      • zecg@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        Cop knelt and kissed the feet of a priest and a queer threw up at the sight of that

    • Sertou@lemmy.world
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      20 days ago

      Yeah, I can’t work up much existential dread at this prospect. Given the immensity of the universe, the odds of this happening anywhere that it will affect the human race anytime soon are pretty damn slim.

    • chaosCruiser@futurology.today
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      20 days ago

      Will there be infinite expansion or will the big bang eventually get reversed in to a big crunch? This question might not even be relevant if this bubble phenomenon rips the entire universe apart. What if such a bubble already exists beyond the horizon and will devour our galaxy in a billion years.

      • Transient Punk@sh.itjust.works
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        20 days ago

        We have no way to know what the resultant physics would be like within the bubble, so there is no way to even speculate about what would happen.

        • chaosCruiser@futurology.today
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          20 days ago

          Exciting times ahead. Who knows what will happen… if anything at all. It’s also entirely possible that nothing special is going on or ever will be.

    • Kairos@lemmy.today
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      18 days ago

      Just FYI this hasn’t happened for at least several billion years so it’s not likely to happen in the next 100.

      Edit: Why the downvotes lol

      • el_abuelo@programming.dev
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        19 days ago

        Has it not? Are you sure the bubble isn’t just 1 light second away? Anything travelling towards you at the speed of light is not perceptible until it hits you. This is why the ability to accelerate something to FTL speeds would be an unstoppable super weapon and most likely lead to interstellar species destroying one another until only 1 remains. Or at least that’s my take.

  • Feathercrown@lemmy.world
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    20 days ago

    If you separate the halves of your brain, they can operate relatively fine independently of each other, each controlling roughly half of the body. When one half does something, and the other half is asked why they did it, the other half will make up a plausible reason why they just did that action. There’s a theory that this is basically how your brain works all the time, just guessing why it did things, and potentially with multiple processes happening in relative isolation that aren’t consciously aware of each other.

  • chaosCruiser@futurology.today
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    20 days ago

    Microbiology can be so much fun!

    Streptococcus pyogenes causes a flesh-eating disease (necrotizing fasciitis). This species of bacteria releases toxins that kill living tissue, so you better make sure that paper cut doesn’t get infected.

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis is famous for a bunch of different pandemics over the centuries. If you thought covid was fun, imagine coughing up blood.

    Clostridium botulinum is special, because it produces a very spicy toxin, so you don’t even have to ingest any living cells or spores of C. botulinum to get killed by it. If you do, you can even have your very own toxin factory inside you.

    Vibrio cholerae is another classic responsible for numerous pandemics. This one is a bit different, because it involves lethal amounts of diarrhea.

    Oh, and the scary bit? There are people who don’t believe bacteria or viruses exist. They actively oppose taking measures against these things. Humans can be truly horrifying at times.

      • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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        20 days ago

        Another “fun” fact: it’s one of the biggest killers in the third world, especially of small children, and at some point there was a diarrhea magazine as a result.

        I can’t believe tetanus got left out here. It’s a common soil bacteria like botulism, but has the opposite effect if it gets in you. It makes all your muscles forcibly contract and cramp up until you die.

        Botulism is really easy to get if you can food wrong, because it’s the one abundant bacteria that will survive limitless time at 100C. (To can vulnerable things properly, you use high pressures to make the water get hotter before it begins to boil, and cools down as a result)

          • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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            20 days ago

            If we’re branching out into possible non-life, prion diseases like mad cow or kuru have a creep factor. You could be terminally infected already, as you read this, and not know until you start getting clumsy and confused years from now. Also kuru is spread by long-term habitual brain cannibalism, so that’s culturally uncomfortable.

        • MrsDoyle@sh.itjust.works
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          19 days ago

          Your immune system gives some protection against botulinum, but it doesn’t fully develop until about six months to a year old. This is why you should never ever feed honey to an infant. Bees will occasionally end up on the ground, picking up botulinum. There’s a very small chance of a trace of the bug ending up in honey. It’s not enough to harm an older child or adult, but even thst tiny amount can kill a baby.

          https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism

          • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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            19 days ago

            Yeah, it will basically colonise their intestines instead of the bacteria that are supposed to, and just poison them continuously. It’s especially a concern if you live near a construction site just because of all the dirt being moved around and exposed to air, IIRC.

            • latenightnoir@lemmy.world
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              20 days ago

              Well… if it means I’d die of lethal diarrhea immediately after being reincarnated, I guess it could be worse! Like having to live 6-7 decades with the knowledge that I may or may not, at one point, contract lethal diarrhea, and that I’ll just keep on coming back to this particular reverse-roulette wheel over and over and over again, being forced to play the odds on an infinite canvas of probabilities. You know what they say, the anxiety’s always worse than the thing-in-itself!

    • Today@lemmy.world
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      20 days ago

      Viruses are sneaky! Their whole goal is to trick you into helping them survive and reproduce.

  • Naich@lemmings.world
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    20 days ago

    Gamma ray bursts from celestial events such as a supernova. One of these - GRB 221009 released 1,000 times more energy in 5 minutes than our Sun has emitted throughout its 4.5 billion year life. GRBs from different galaxies have set off detectors on earth designed to detect nuclear explosions. One of these in our galaxy, pointed directly at earth could end all life on it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

  • actually@lemmy.world
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    20 days ago

    Each year, is about a 1/2 of 1 percent the sun will give out a flare so big, it will not only destroy all power distribution to the half of the earth exposed, and destroy the internet there, but cut off food distribution, starving most of the population in any county . Last time it happened was in the 1800s but no stuff to destroy then. And food was local.

    It would be years before things were normal . Our current setup is literally doomed to failure for a random half of the earth

    • MrsDoyle@sh.itjust.works
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      19 days ago

      There was a bit of tech around at the time - telegraph. The flare sparked fires in telegraph offices and shocked some operators. As in electric shock, not a big fright, though no doubt also that. Some operators disconnected their batteries and were able to communicate by the auroral current alone.

      https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event

      The descriptions of the aurora are wild.

        • Hugh_Jeggs@lemm.ee
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          20 days ago

          Are you simply dying to be offended on someone else’s behalf darling? Sweety?

          Pour yourself a large G&T, poppet, there’s a dear

          • flambonkscious@sh.itjust.works
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            20 days ago

            I’ll never turn down G&T, but more importantly, what did Belgium ever do to you? I’m just curious…

            If you’ve got a spinning wheel of ‘who’s gonna get it today’ and Belgium came up, that’s fine, too

            • Hugh_Jeggs@lemm.ee
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              19 days ago

              It’s an intercultural joke from where I’m from.

              I’m sorry that you’re so bo-o-o-ring that you can neither appreciate nor spontaneously produce humour, and that you have to resort to pretending to be morally superior to try to get attention for yourself by randomly calling people racists like some sort of yank

              • tetris11@lemmy.ml
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                19 days ago

                Making jokes on Brussels is popular with anti-EU factions, just FYI. Not exclusively so, of course, but its their main goto.

                Like seeing someone wearing an England flag as a cape, football game or no game, its just best to keep clear of that person

              • flambonkscious@sh.itjust.works
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                19 days ago

                No, not at all - I think it’s hilarious! You’ve completely misread me

                I was just curious as to why them (obviously we’ve got to pick on someone)

      • Hadriscus@lemm.ee
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        19 days ago

        let’s hope the americans get the next flare

        wait no, it could very well be over the pacific. But poor polynesians 😕

  • Lettuce eat lettuce@lemmy.ml
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    20 days ago

    Combinatorics scares me, the immense size of seemingly trivial things.

    For example: If you take a simple 52 card poker deck, shuffle it well, some combination of 4-5 riffles and 4-5 cuts, it is basically 100% certain that the order of all the cards has never been seen before and will never been seen again unless you intentionally order them like that.

    52 factorial is an unimaginable number, the amount of unique combinations is so immense it really freaks me out. And all from a simple deck of playing cards.

    Chess is another example. Assuming you aren’t deliberately trying to copy a specific game, and assuming the game goes longer than around a dozen moves, you will never play the same game ever again, and nobody else for the rest of our civilization ever will either. The amount of possible unique chess games with 40 moves is far far larger than the number of stars in the entire observable universe.

    You could play 100 complete chess games with around 40 moves every single second for the rest of your life and you would never replay a game and no other people on earth would ever replay any of your games, they all would be unique.

    One last freaky one: There are different sizes of infinity, like literally, there are entire categories of infinities that are larger than other ones.

    I won’t get into the math here, you can find lots of great vids online explaining it. But here is the freaky fact: There are infinitely more numbers between 1 and 2 than the entire infinite set of natural numbers 1, 2, 3…

    In fact, there are infinitely more numbers between any fraction of natural numbers, than the entire infinite natural numbers, no matter how small you make the fraction…

    • derpgon@programming.dev
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      19 days ago

      In one of Vsauce’s videos he suggested a good visualisation of the number of unique shuffles of a deck of cards that was originally suggested by Scott Czepiel.

      Imagine you have a friend that is shuffling a deck of cards and ordering the deck uniquely every second. Also imagine that every action you take is completed instantaneously.

      You stand on the equator. Wait a billion years. Then take a step. Wait another billion years. Then take another step. Continue this until you have got back to where you started.

      Then take 0.02ml from the Pacific Ocean. Wait another billion years. Then take a step. Continue until you get back to where you started and take another drop out of the Pacific Ocean.

      Repeat this process until the entire Pacific Ocean is empty. Then place a sheet of paper on the ground at sea level.

      Refill the ocean and repeat - wait a billion years between steps as you walk around the equator, take a drop of water out of the Pacific Ocean every time you get back to where you started and place a piece of paper on the ground in a tower before refilling the Pacific Ocean and repeating.

      When the tower of paper reaches the sun do you think that your friend has managed to produce each, unique ordering of the cards?

      Nope! Not even close…

      If you were to repeat all of the above 3000 times, then he’d be pretty much done.

      Source

      • red@lemmy.zip
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        19 days ago

        It’s called countable and uncountable infinity. the idea here is that there are uncountably many numbers between 1 and 2, while there are only countably infinite natural numbers. it actually makes sense when you think about it. let’s assume for a moment that the numbers between 1 and 2 are the same “size” of infinity as the natural numbers. If that were true, you’d be able to map every number between 1 and 2 to a natural number. but here’s the thing, say you map some number “a” to 22 and another number “b” to 23. Now take the average of these two numbers, (a + b)/2 = c the number “c” is still between 1 and 2, but it hasn’t been mapped to any natural number. this means that there are more numbers between 1 and 2 than there are natural numbers proving that the infinity of real numbers is a different, larger kind of infinity than the infinity of the natural numbers

        • LowtierComputer@lemmy.world
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          19 days ago

          I get that, but it’s kinda the same as saying “I dare you!” ; “I dare you to infinity!” ; “nuh uh, I dare you to double infinity!”

          Sure it’s more theoretically, but not really functionally more.

          • RedditWanderer@lemmy.world
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            19 days ago

            It’s like when you say something is full. Double full doesn’t mean anything, but there’s still a difference between full of marbles and full of sand depending what you’re trying to deduce. There’s functional applications for this comparison. We could theoretically say there’s twice as much sand than marbles in “full” if were interested in “counting”.

            The same way we have this idea of full, we have the idea of infinity which can affect certain mathematics. Full doesn’t tell you the size of the container, it’s a concept. A bucket twice as large is still full, so there are different kinds of full like we have different kinds of infinity.

        • gwilikers@lemmy.ml
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          18 days ago

          This reminds me of a one of Zeno’s Paradoxes of Motion. The following is from the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy:

          Suppose a very fast runner—such as mythical Atalanta—needs to run for the bus. Clearly before she reaches the bus stop she must run half-way, as Aristotle says. There’s no problem there; supposing a constant motion it will take her 1/2 the time to run half-way there and 1/2 the time to run the rest of the way. Now she must also run half-way to the half-way point—i.e., a 1/4 of the total distance—before she reaches the half-way point, but again she is left with a finite number of finite lengths to run, and plenty of time to do it. And before she reaches 1/4 of the way she must reach 1/2 of 1/4=1/8 of the way; and before that a 1/16; and so on. There is no problem at any finite point in this series, but what if the halving is carried out infinitely many times? The resulting series contains no first distance to run, for any possible first distance could be divided in half, and hence would not be first after all. However it does contain a final distance, namely 1/2 of the way; and a penultimate distance, 1/4 of the way; and a third to last distance, 1/8 of the way; and so on. Thus the series of distances that Atalanta is required to run is: …, then 1/16 of the way, then 1/8 of the way, then 1/4 of the way, and finally 1/2 of the way (for now we are not suggesting that she stops at the end of each segment and then starts running at the beginning of the next—we are thinking of her continuous run being composed of such parts). And now there is a problem, for this description of her run has her travelling an infinite number of finite distances, which, Zeno would have us conclude, must take an infinite time, which is to say it is never completed. And since the argument does not depend on the distance or who or what the mover is, it follows that no finite distance can ever be traveled, which is to say that all motion is impossible. (Note that the paradox could easily be generated in the other direction so that Atalanta must first run half way, then half the remaining way, then half of that and so on, so that she must run the following endless sequence of fractions of the total distance: 1/2, then 1/4, then 1/8, then ….)

        • jsomae@lemmy.ml
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          19 days ago

          Your explanation is wrong. There is no reason to believe that “c” has no mapping.

          • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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            19 days ago

            Yeah, OP seems to be assuming a continuous mapping. It still works if you don’t, but the standard way to prove it is the more abstract “diagonal argument”.

          • CileTheSane@lemmy.ca
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            19 days ago

            Give me an example of a mapping system for the numbers between 1 and 2 where if you take the average of any 2 sequentially mapped numbers, the number in-between is also mapped.

          • red@lemmy.zip
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            18 days ago

            because I assumed continuous mapping the number c is between a and b it means if it has to be mapped to a natural number the natural number has to be between 22 and 23 but there is no natural number between 22 and 23 , it means c is not mapped to anything

      • 𒉀TheGuyTM3𒉁@lemmy.ml
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        19 days ago

        It’s weird but the amount of natural numbers is “countable” if you had infinite time and patience, you could count “1,2,3…” to infinity. It is the countable infinity.

        The amount of numbers between 1 and 2 is not countable. No matter what strategies you use, there will always be numbers that you miss. It’s like counting the numbers of points in a line, you can always find more even at infinity. It is the uncountable infinity.

        I greatly recommand you the hilbert’s infinite hotel problem, you can find videos about it on youtube, it covers this question.

      • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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        19 days ago

        Basically, if two quantities are the same, you can pair them off. It’s possible to prove you cannot pair off all real numbers with all integers. (It works for integers and all rational numbers, though)

        How many infinities you accept as meaningful is a matter of preference, really. You don’t even have to accept basic infinity or normal really big numbers as real, if you don’t want to. Accepting “all of them” tends to lead to contradictions; not accepting, like, 3 is just weird and obtuse.

      • JeezNutz@lemmy.ml
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        19 days ago

        I thought the same but there is a good explanation for it which I can’t remember

      • BruceTwarzen@lemm.ee
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        19 days ago

        I’m confused as well. Isn’t that like saying that there is more sand in a sandbox than on every veach on the planet?

        • CileTheSane@lemmy.ca
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          19 days ago

          We’re talking about increasingly smaller fractions here. It’s more like saying if you ground up all the rocks on earth into sand you would have more individual pieces of sand than individual rocks.

  • JackGreenEarth@lemm.ee
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    20 days ago

    Some species of snails are infected with a parasitic flatworm called Leucochloridium paradoxum, which has a life cycle that involves manipulating the snail’s behavior and appearance to increase its own chances of survival. The parasite causes the snail’s eyes to turn into worm-like protrusions, which are actually just the parasite’s own larvae.

    To birds, these worm-like eyes look like tasty little morsels, and they’ll often peck at them to eat them. But in doing so, they’re actually ingesting the parasite’s larvae, which then complete their life cycle inside the bird’s digestive system.

      • egrets@lemmy.world
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        20 days ago

        The larvae (possibly not quite the right word) eaten by the birds lodge in the intestinal tract near the cloaca. The eggs they produce are passed out, and snails eat the eggs.

        ~This comment is best read with Hans Zimmer’s “The Circle of Life” playing in the background.~

    • BruceTwarzen@lemm.ee
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      19 days ago

      I remember a story where Charles darvin was on expedition and saw a wasp stinging a tarantula and laying her eggs into the spider and it had the most grueling death. Something like that, and that’s where he realised that no god can be so cruel to make something like that. Now i have no idea if that is just a story or something that actually happened. But if you believe in any creator and see shit like that and still think: man that god guy sure has a funny sense of humor, you’re kinda weird.

      • JackGreenEarth@lemm.ee
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        19 days ago

        I scrubbed my toe once and realised that a good God can’t exist, besides for the inherent contradictions in the Torah that also mean the Jewish God can’t exist.

  • whotookkarl@lemmy.world
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    20 days ago

    There are about the same number of bacteria cells in your body as human cells, and some of the bacteria in your intestines, ‘gut biome’, can affect your preferences for certain foods effectively controlling your mind.

    A ‘reference man’ (one who is 70 kilograms, 20–30 years old and 1.7 metres tall) contains on average about 30 trillion human cells and 39 trillion bacteria,

    https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.19136

    Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms:

    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.201400071

    That probably freaks me out just as much as time passing not being fundamental under B time indicated by general relativity or free will being illusory and the universe is more likely deterministic.

      • MrPoopbutt@lemmy.world
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        19 days ago

        Even when it is not deterministic at a single event, it is at a group of events. I know that sounds contradictory, and there is probably a better way to word that, but for example - if quantum randomness means that you cannot predict where a specific particle will go each time you measure it, you can predict the distribution curve of where the particle will be if you measure it some arbitrarily large number of times.

  • Etterra@lemmy.world
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    19 days ago

    There is a legally permissable organic contamination amount in any food, especially if it’s processed. Bugs, hair, nail clippings, dirt, mouse shit, whatever - all ground up and processed asking with the product. And it can be in almost anything, including that one you really like.

    • snek_boi@lemmy.ml
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      19 days ago

      and Bostrom’s simulation hypothesis and Pascal’s wager, all subject to serious validity threats. All of these thought experiments are unfalsifiable. They can all be explained with different theories. They all rely on circular reasoning. They all anthropomorphize entities that maybe don’t resemble humans at all. They all fall for the mind projection fallacy. They all are prey to selection bias, because they cherry-pick scenarios among countless alternatives.