The Supreme Court on Monday said it will decide whether Trump can fire members of the Federal Trade Commission without cause, taking up a dispute that tests the president’s removal power and could weaken protections enacted by Congress that aim to insulate independent agencies from political pressure.

The high court said in a brief order that it will also allow Mr. Trump to fire Rebecca Kelly Slaughter from her position at the FTC while it considers the case. It will hear arguments in its December session, and its stay will remain in place until it issues a decision.

Justices Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson dissented from the majority’s decision to allow Slaughter’s removal.