Some examples are linguistically universal across yinrih languages. All languages colexify various anatomical words related to limbs and extremities thanks to the yinrih being quadrupeds with highly prehensile feet. Their forepaws do just as much walking as their rear paws, and their rear paws do just as much grasping as their forepaws.

Some examples from Commonthroat:

Commonthroat	Colexified terms	proper English term
rnqg	hand, foot	paw
png	finger, toe	digit
kgqg	palm, sole	palm
rfg	knee, elbow	joint
sNLrg	arm, leg	leg

To refer to human body parts, yinrih have to qualify these terms with words like rfbr to walk and CDq to hold, such as rnqCDqg holding paws for hands and rnqrfbrg walking paws for feet.

Yinrih also make distinctions where most human languages do not, such as having distinct words for muzzle (PMqg) and rhinarium, the wet tip of the nose (sPlqg). They also distinguish between the act of lapping (qdBq, meaning to draw liquid into the mouth by submerging the tip of the tongue and drawing it out again in a spoon-shape) and licking (NLr, meaning to drag the body of the tongue across a surface). Since kits lick (NLr) milk from their dams’ paws, the word licker (NLrmg) means much the same thing as English sucker, a gullible or unfortunate person.

Like human languages, Commonthroat anatomical terms are used to derive many other words, but they may be used in very different ways thanks to the yinrih’s body plan.

Commonthroat	Literal English	Actual Meaning
Frkbfq	back-ward	upward, skyward
sPlqbfq	nose-ward	forward, ahead
slPqbfq	tail-ward	backward, behind

Because yinrih rely heavily on pheromones to communicate mood, the word for to smell like (rMP) also means to feel (an emotion).

Yinrih do not have concepts such as marriage or extended family, so they lack words for husband or wife, grandfather or grandmother, and aunt or uncle. A single word (scscg) refers to any adult associated with one’s family but isn’t one of one’s sires or dams. And in yinrih cultures where single parents take charge of specific pups throughout their upbringing, the word scscg can even refer to one’s other sires and dams who are not involved directly in one’s upbringing. scscg also fills in for most of the human kinship terms mentioned above, and may also refer to older cousins.

As simple as yinrih kinship is, those kin relationships that are recognized are extremely strong. Parent-child and sibling-sibling relationships may require special pronominal forms in some languages. Outlander is the most well-known to use such a system. Second- and third-person pronouns have unique transactional, amicable, and familial forms. Note, however, that these forms indicate reciprocal relationships. Using familial forms with someone doesn’t just mean “I think of you as family” but also “I expect you to treat me like family”. It is considered rude or even vulgar to address someone with a more familiar pronoun, as it is seen as burdening them with unwelcome obligations or implying a level of closeness that hasn’t yet been earned.

Complicating matters are that more pious dialects of Outlander use amicable forms to refer to humans when transactional forms would be used with other yinrih in the same situation.